{"id":136,"date":"2026-04-25T23:17:01","date_gmt":"2026-04-25T23:17:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/200okconsulting.com\/?p=136"},"modified":"2026-04-25T23:17:01","modified_gmt":"2026-04-25T23:17:01","slug":"for-the-complete-attachment-of-bacteria-and-microstructure-biotin-molecules-were-attached-to-the-outer-membrane-proteins-ofs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/200okconsulting.com\/?p=136","title":{"rendered":"\ufeffFor the complete attachment of bacteria and microstructure, biotin molecules were attached to the outer membrane proteins ofS"},"content":{"rendered":"

\ufeffFor the complete attachment of bacteria and microstructure, biotin molecules were attached to the outer membrane proteins ofS. model.In-vitroandin-vivotests verified that the bacteriobots had chemotactic motility and tumor targeting ability. The new microrobot paradigm in which bacteria act as microactuators and microsensors to deliver microstructures to tumors can be considered a new theranostic methodology for targeting and treating solid tumors. Chemotherapy, the most common type of tumor treatment, is an effective conventional therapy against actively proliferating tumor cells. However, this therapy can damage other types of fast-growing, healthy normal cells, such as blood and hair cells, in the process of treating cancer cells, inducing various adverse reactions, or side effects. Chemotherapy can be the resistance to therapeutic response in the slowly cell proliferating hypoxic region by deficient angiogenesis1,2,3. Rabbit Polyclonal to OR1A1<\/a> Therefore, one of the most significant challenges of chemotherapeutic treatments is the continuous, specific delivery of optimal quantities of drugs to target cells. To overcome this challenge, many research groups have investigated the development of a drug delivery system (DDS) by using biocompatible and biodegradable materials, which can control the drug release from microstructures to alleviate side effects4,5,6,7. Although many DDSs have been developed, they still have difficulty in effectively delivering drugs to cancer sites because they lack active motility and because physical barriers, such as malformed blood vessels, elevated interstitial pressure, and large transport distances in the tumor interstitium, exist in solid tumors2,3,5,8. Recently, various types of microrobots have been proposed because of their many advantages in various fields, such as medicine, environment monitoring, space, and military. Especially, to overcome the drawbacks of conventional chemotherapy using DDSs, various types of biomedical microrobots have been proposed owing to their potential in biomedical applications9,10,11. In the development of microrobots, the most challenging aspects are the fabrication and integration of microactuators and microsensors with high stability and efficiency. So, many research groups have tried to overcome these problems by combining several technologies, such as the micro\/nano electro-mechanical system (MEMS\/NEMS), nanotechnology, and biotechnology11,12. Although the microrobots have much potential in biomedical applications, difficulties, such as the implementation of sensing and therapeutic functions, the integration of actuation, and the control of power supply in small bodies still remain13,14. For effective control and actuation of a microrobot, several researchers suggested the magnetic metal-based microrobot, which is composed of a neodymium-iron-boron, soft-magnetic metal actuated by electromagnetic coil systems15,16. In addition, our group also developed a microrobot by using the magnetic materials and controlled it through external magnetic fields in a two-pair coil system17. However, these microrobot systems require several pairs of complex electromagnetic coil systems. For microrobot actuation, microorganisms with high motility, such asEscherichia coli(E. coli),Salmonella typhimurium(S. typhimurium),Serratia marcescens(S. marcescens), and magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) strains (Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldensestrain MSR-1,Magnetospirillum magnetotacticumstrain MS-1,Magnetospirillum magneticumstrain AMB-1, andMagnetococcusstrain MC-1) have been used18,19,20,21,22. However, several bacteria strains, such asE. coli,S. marcescens, and MTB strains still have several weak points which limit their use as microactuators for biomedical microrobots: complex incubation procedure, drug resistance against antibiotics and pathogenicity in living animals23. Recently, we applied genetically modifiedS. typhimuriumfor treatment and diagnosis of solid tumors, such as colorectal and breast cancers, because of its propensity to naturally accumulate in tumors of small living animals, particularly hypoxic tumors24,25,26,27. The bacteria have been used alone or in combination with conventional therapeutics and have shown antitumor efficacy28,29. Since drug production using engineered bacteria is currently limited, bacteria synthesis must be fine-tuned to achieve therapeutic levels. But, the levels still cause systemic toxicity25. A prototype of the bacteria-based microrobot was fabricated by combining a polystyrene (PS) microbead and Engeletin flagellated bacteria14,19,30. However, it was used only simple properties that bacteria can be attached to the surface of a hydrophobic PS microbead. Because one of the most important factors in the fabrication of a bacteria-based Engeletin<\/a> microrobot is the method of attaching flagellated bacteria to the microstructure, many research workers Engeletin have got attempted to build up pattering and connection between bacterias and microstructures19,20,22,31. To fabricate bacteria-attached PS microbeads selectively, M. Sitti utilized the reactive ion etching (RIE) plasma-based patterning strategy to induce the hydrophilic condition on the top of microbeads19. Moreover, we’ve centered on the development.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\ufeffFor the complete attachment of bacteria and microstructure, biotin molecules were attached to the outer membrane proteins ofS. model.In-vitroandin-vivotests verified that the bacteriobots had chemotactic…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-136","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-maxi-k-channels"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/200okconsulting.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/200okconsulting.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/200okconsulting.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/200okconsulting.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/200okconsulting.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=136"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/200okconsulting.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":137,"href":"https:\/\/200okconsulting.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/136\/revisions\/137"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/200okconsulting.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=136"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/200okconsulting.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=136"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/200okconsulting.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=136"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}