2019. of relatively simple and rapid procedures, although some of these methods, mainly due to costs, lack accessibility in low-socioeconomic regions of endemicity. New immunological procedures and nucleic acid storage, purification, and diagnostics protocols that are simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective must be developed as countries progress control efforts toward the elimination of the parasitic NTDs. has no available rapid test and requires lab-based serology testing. PCR may complement serology and parasite visualization if available.Test name(s)Direct or concentrated slide prepCard agglutination, rapid lateral flow, ELISA, IFATPCR, qPCRReference(s) 338 C 342 129, 343,C345 346 C 348 ????ChagasSample type(s)Blood, buffy coatSerumBlood/serum, skinPCR can be used for monitoring patients for reactivation risk; sensitive detection in acute disease. Parallel antigen-based assessments are required to improve the accuracy of diagnosis.Test name(s)Direct blood smear or buffy coatELISA, Loxoprofen IFA, TESA, IHA, Abbott TESA ChagasPCR, qPCRReference(s) 349 350 C 353 349, 353,C358????Cutaneous/mucocutaneous ??leishmaniasisSample type(s)Skin/lesion biopsiesSkin/lesionsParallel assessments (histology, culture, PCR) for best diagnostic accuracy. RFLP-PCR distinguishes species.Test name(s)Histology, NNN medium culturePCR, qPCR, RFLP-PCRReference(s) 359 C 362 361 C 364 ????Visceral leishmaniasisSample type(s)Bone marrow, whole blood, lymph node, spleenSerumBlood/serumBone marrow aspirate is Loxoprofen the preferred specimen. Consider serology for suspected VL with unfavorable or inconclusive histopathology, culture, and PCR. Immunocompromised individuals may have lower sensitivity to serological assessments; PCR and culture are recommended. SMART Leish PCR has been developed by the U.S. Department of Defense and approved by the FDA but is not commercially available (365).Test name(s)Direct blood smear or buffy coat, histology, NNN media cultureICT, IFA, ELISA, DATqPCR, PCRReference(s) 359 C 361 189, 361, 366,C369361, 366, 370Helminths????FilariasisSample type(s)BloodSerumMidnight smears required for most species. However, from Pacific islands and in some Asian countries exhibit subperiodic periodicity and mf can always be found in peripheral blood (54, 371, 372). Unfavorable antigen tests do not exclude contamination or lymphatic damage in previous contamination.Test name(s)Thin/thick smears, concn (Knotts, Nuclepore)CFA, ELISA, BinaxNOW, Alere filariasis test stripReference(s) 373 C 375 156, 209, 216, 373, 376,C379????StrongyloidesSample type(s)Sputum, stool, bowel biopsySerumStool, blood/serumLarvae in stool and sputum. Clinical symptoms and epidemiological data key for initial evaluation. Microscopy often has low sensitivity; serology is recommended. A number of molecular diagnostics have been developed and are used in some diagnostic labs.Test name(s)agar plate culture, Baermann, sputum smear, histopathologyIFA, Western blottingqPCR, LAMPReference(s)100, 380,C387385, 388, 389 390 C 392 ????Soil-transmitted helminthsSample type(s)StoolStoolMultiplex PCR panels often combine STH with intestinal protozoan detectionTest name(s)Thick/thin smear, concn technique, agar plateMultiplex PCRReference(s)100, 380, 393,C395396, 397????OnchocerciasisSample type(s)SkinSerumAntibody testing is not reliable; high cross-reactivity and not specific for current contamination. Antigen testing has a higher sensitivity. Ultrasonography of nodules can also be used to identify adult worms (398). Skin snip PCR is not available clinically.Test name(s)Skin snips, biopsy of onchercomasELISA, Ov-16 card test, ICTReference(s)399, 400 401 C 404 ????DracunculiasisClinical presentation; observation of adult female worm (405).????EchinococcosisSample type(s)SerumVisualization of cysts (CT, MRI, ultrasonography), confirmed with serology or antigen testing. ELISA appears to be IL10RB the most sensitive and specific of available assays. Antibody detection is usually more sensitive than antigen detection in diagnosing (406)Test name(s)Cyst aspirate or biopsy (if performed, risk of secondary seeding of contamination)IHA, ELISA, CIEP, RIA, TR-FLA, immunoblotting, latex agglutination, Western blottingReference(s)407, 408406, 409,C413????Taeniasis/cysticerocosisSample type(s)StoolSerumPlasma, CSFTaeniasis can be diagnosed as eggs in feces via microscopy or PCR. Cysticercosis diagnosed from imaging (cysts) via CT and MRI, with confirmation via serology. Poor performance is identified with commercially available ELISA (414). MAT available in Europe, limited availability in the USA. qPCR may be useful in diagnosing subarachnoid NCC.Test name(s)Direct or concentrated slide prepEITB, ELISAqPCRReference(s) 415 414, 416,C418419)????FascioliasisSample type(s)Stool, bile, duodenal aspiratesSerumSerological diagnostics lack specificity, cross-react with other parasites.Test name(s)IHA, IFA, ELISA, immunoblottingReference(s)420, 421166, 420, 422,C425????SchistosomiasisSample type(s)Stool, urine (species dependent)SerumSerum, urine, fecesMicroscopy can be used for species differentiation. In MGS, eggs may also be identified in ejaculate (426) and in vaginal swabs in women with FGS (427, 428). The majority of commercially available antibody assessments are not species specific.Test name(s)Thin or thick smear, concentrated, urine filtrate, FLOTACELISA, IHA, RIA, IFA, Western blotting, complement fixationqPCR, PCRReference(s) 44 C 47 12, 44, 168, 174, 429,C43112, 73, 432, 433Arthropod????ScabiesSample type(s)Skin scrapings/biopsyClinical diagnosis based on itching, plaque, and location (interdigital spaces, skin Loxoprofen folds).Reference(s)434, 435 Open in another home window aCIEP, countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis; CT, computed tomography; DAT, immediate agglutination check; ELISA,.
